Open-loop water-to-water heat pump: how it differs from closed-loop geothermal systems

In open-loop applications, an actual flow of groundwater or other suitable water is used as a heat source.

Extraction and return

Water is pumped, passes through a heat exchanger, and is then returned according to the design and applicable requirements.

Advantage

Constant water temperature can provide very good energy efficiency.

Critical point

Water quality, mineral content, and the availability of a constant supply are crucial for reliability.